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Sankt-Peterburg, Rossiya

Tree: Nederlandse voorouders

Notes:
Saint Petersburg (Russian: Санкт-Петербу́рг (help·info), tr.: Sankt-Peterburg, IPA: sankt pʲɪtʲɪrˈburk) is a city and a federal subject of Russia located on the Neva River at the head of the Gulf of Finland on the Baltic Sea. The city's other names were Sankt-Piter-Burh (Са́нкт-Питер-Бу́рх, 1703), Petrograd (Петрогра́д, 1914–1924) and Leningrad (Ленингра́д, 1924–1991). It is informally known as Piter (Пи́тер).



Founded by Tsar Peter the Great on May 27, 1703, it was the capital of the Russian Empire for more than two hundred years (1713-1728, 1732-1918). St. Petersburg ceased being the capital in 1918 after the Russian Revolution of 1917. It is Russia's second largest and Europe's fourth largest city (by city limit) after Moscow, London and Paris. At latitude 59°56′N, Saint Petersburg is the world's largest city north of Moscow (55°45′N). 4.6 million people live in the city, and over 6 million people live in the city's vicinity. Saint Petersburg is a major European cultural center, and important Russian port on the Baltic Sea. The city, as federal subject, has a total area of 1,439 square kilometres (556 sq mi).



St. Petersburg is often argued to have the image of being the most Western European styled city of Russia. Among cities of the world with over one million people, Saint Petersburg is the northernmost. The Historic Centre of Saint Petersburg and Related Groups of Monuments constitute a UNESCO World Heritage Site. Russia's political and cultural center for 200 years, the city is impressive, and is sometimes referred to in Russia as "the Northern Capital" (северная столица, severnaya stolitsa). A large number of foreign consulates are located in Saint Petersburg. The Constitutional Court of Russia will move to Saint Petersburg from Moscow in May 2008.



History



On May 1, 1703, during the Great Northern War, Peter the Great captured the Swedish fortress of Nyenskans on the Neva river in Ingria. Few weeks later, on May 27, 1703 (May 16, Old Style), lower on the river, on Zayachy (Hare) Island, three miles (5 km) inland from the gulf, he laid down the Peter and Paul Fortress, which became the first building of the new city, but has never been sieged. He named the city after his patron saint, the apostle Peter. The original name was meant to sound like Dutch due to Peter's obsession with the Dutch culture. The city was built by conscripted serfs from all over Russia under the supervision of Alexander Menshikov and later became the center of Saint Petersburg Governorate. Peter moved the capital from Moscow to St. Petersburg in 1712, well before the Treaty of Nystad of 1721 ended the war and annexed the territory to Russia.



During the first few years of its existence the city grew spontaneously around Trinity Square on the right bank of Neva, near the Peter and Paul Fortress. However, St. Petersburg soon started to develop according to a plan. By 1716 Domenico Trezzini had elaborated a project whereby the city center would be located on Vasilievsky Island and shaped by a rectangular grid of canals. The project has never been completed, but is still evident in the layout of the streets. In 1716 Jean-Baptiste Alexandre Le Blond was appointed chief architect of Saint Petersburg by Peter the Great. The style of Petrine Baroque, developed by Trezzini and other architects and exemplified by such buildings as the Menshikov Palace, Kunstkamera, Peter and Paul Cathedral, Twelve Collegia, became prominent in the city architecture of the early 18th century. In 1724 the Academy of Sciences, University and Academic Gymnasium were established in Saint Petersburg by Peter the Great.



However, in 1725 Peter died. His efforts to push for modernization were completely misunderstood by the old-fashioned Russian nobility. This resulted in considerable opposition, including several attempts on his life and a treason case involving his own son. In 1728 Peter II of Russia moved his seat back to Moscow. But four years later, in 1732, during the reign of Anna of Russia, St. Petersburg again became the capital of the Russian Empire and had remained the seat of the government for 186 years since then.



In 1736-1737 the city suffered from catastrophic fires. In order to rebuild the damaged boroughs, in 1737 a new plan was commissioned by a committee under Burkhard Christoph von Munnich. The city was divided into five boroughs, and the city center was moved to the Admiralty borough, situated on the left bank between the Neva and Fontanka. It developed along three radial streets, which meet at the Admiralty and are now known as Nevsky Prospekt (which is now perceived as the main street of the city), Gorokhovaya Street and Voznesensky Prospekt. The style of Baroque dominated the city architecture during the first sixty years, culminating in the Elizabethan Baroque, represented most notably by Bartolomeo Rastrelli with such buildings as the Winter Palace. In the 1760s the Baroque was succeeded by the neoclassical architecture.



The Commission of Stone Buildings of Moscow and St Petersburg established in 1762 under Alexey Kvasov ruled that no structure in the city be higher than the Winter Palace and prohibited spacing between buildings. During the reign of Catherine the Great in the 1760s-1780s the banks of the Neva were lined with granite embankments. However, it wasn't until 1850 that it was allowed to open the first permanent bridge across the Neva, Blagoveshchensky Bridge. Before that, only pontoon bridges were allowed. Obvodny Canal (dug in 1769-1833) became the southern limit of the city. The victory over Napoleonic France in the Patriotic War of 1812 was commemorated with many monuments, including Alexander Column designed by Auguste de Montferrand and erected in 1834 and Narva Triumphal Gate. Some of the most important neoclassical architects in Saint Petersburg (including those working within the Empire style) were Jean-Baptiste Vallin de la Mothe (Imperial Academy of Arts, Small Hermitage, Gostiny Dvor, New Holland Arch), Antonio Rinaldi (Marble Palace), Yury Felten (Old Hermitage, Chesme Church), Giacomo Quarenghi (Academy of Sciences, Hermitage Theatre, Yusupov Palace), Andrey Voronikhin (Mining Institute, Kazan Cathedral), Andrey Zakharov (Admiralty building), Jean-François Thomas de Thomon (Spit of Vasilievsky Island), Carlo Rossi (Yelagin Palace, Mikhailovsky Palace, Alexandrine Theatre, Senate and Synod Buildings, General Staff Building, design of many streets and squares), Vasily Stasov (Moscow Triumphal Gate), Auguste de Montferrand (Saint Isaac's Cathedral, Alexander Column).



In 1825 the suppressed Decembrist revolt against Nicholas I of Russia took place on the Senate Square in the city, a day after he assumed the throne.



By the 1840s the neoclassical architecture had given place to various romanticist styles, which were dominant until the 1890s, represented by such architects as Andrei Stackenschneider (Mariinsky Palace, Beloselsky-Belozersky Palace, Nicholas Palace, New Michael Palace) and Konstantin Thon (Moskovsky Rail Terminal). The Church of the Savior on Blood was designed by Alfred Parland in the Russian revival style to commemorate the place where Alexander II of Russia was assassinated in 1881.



The son of Tsar Nicholas I, Tsar Alexander II, implemented the most challenging reforms undertaken in Russia since the reign of Peter the Great. The emancipation of the serfs (1861) caused the influx of large numbers of poor into the capital. Tenements were erected on the outskirts, and nascent industry sprang up, surpassing Moscow in population and industrial growth. By 1900, St. Petersburg had grown into one of the largest industrial hubs in Europe, an important international center of power, business and politics, and the fourth largest city in Europe.



The Revolution of 1905 initiated here and spread rapidly into the provinces. With the start of World War I, the name St. Petersburg was perceived to be too German, so in 1914 the city was renamed Petrograd. 1917 saw next stages of the Russian Revolution, and re-emergence of the Communist Party led by Lenin, who declared "All power to the Soviets!"



The city's proximity to anti-Soviet armies forced communist leader Vladimir Lenin to move his government to Moscow on March 5, 1918. On January 24, 1924, three days after Lenin's death, Petrograd was renamed Leningrad.



St. Petersburg was devastated by Lenin's Red Terror then by Stalin's Great Purge in addition to crime and vandalism in the series of revolutions and wars. Between 1917 and the 1930s, about two million people fled the city, including hundreds of thousands of intellectuals and aristocracy, who emigrated to Europe and America. At the same time many political, social and paramilitary groups had followed the communist government in their move to Moscow, as the benefits of capital status had left the city. In 1931 Leningrad administratively separated from Leningrad Oblast.



During World War II, Leningrad was surrounded and besieged by the German Wehrmacht from September 8, 1941 to January 27, 1944. By Hitler's order the Wehrmacht constantly shelled and bombed the city and systematically isolated it from any supplies, causing death of more than 1 million civilians in 3 years; 1942 alone saw 650,000 people die.



As a result of the Nazi siege, about 1.2 million of 3 million Leningrad civilians lost their lives through starvation, infections, direct bombardment, and stress. About 1 million civilians were evacuated. For the heroic resistance of the city and tenacity of the survivors of the Siege, Leningrad was the first city in the former USSR to be awarded the title Hero City in 1945. Some performance and cinema theatres were opened for public by the middle of 1946, and in May of 1947 the famous fountains of the Peterhof park were re-constructed from ruins and opened to the public again. Leningrad and many of its suburbs were rebuilt over the post-war decades, partially according to the pre-war plans. In 1950 the Kirov Stadium was opened and soon set a record when 110,000 fans attended a football match.



The Leningrad Metro, which was designed before the war in the 1930s, was finally completed and opened in 1955 with its first seven stations decorated with marble and bronze. Population of Leningrad with suburbs had increased rapidly in the 10 post-war years from under 0.8 million to about 4 million.



During the late 1940s and 1950s, the political and cultural elite of Leningrad suffered from repressions under dictatorship of Stalin, hundreds were executed and thousands were imprisoned in repressions known as the Leningrad Affair. Independent thinkers, writers, artists and other intellectuals were attacked, magazines "Zvezda" and "Leningrad" were banned, Akhmatova and Zoshchenko were repressed, and tens of thousands Leningraders were exiled to Siberia.



On June 12, 1991, the day of the first Russian presidential election, in a referendum 54% of voters chose to restore the name "Saint Petersburg" (change later occurring on September 6, 1991). In the same election Anatoly Sobchak became the first democratically elected mayor of the city. Leningrad Oblast retained its name after a popular vote. It is a separate federal subject of Russia of which the city of St. Petersburg is the capital.



In 1996, Vladimir Yakovlev was elected the head of the Saint Petersburg City Administration. The title of the city head was changed in advance from "mayor" to "governor." In 2003, Yakovlev resigned a year before his second term expired. Valentina Matviyenko was elected governor. In 2006 she was reapproved as governor by the city legislature. The Constitutional Court of Russia is scheduled to move to the former Senate and Synod buildings at the Decembrists Square in St. Petersburg by 2008.

Birth

Matches 1 to 30 of 30

	Last Name, Given Name(s)	Birth		Person ID	Tree
1	Aarva, Hille Olavi	Mon 13 Aug 1906	Sankt-Peterburg, Rossiya	I119650	Nederlandse voorouders
2	Ahlgren, Jaale Kullervo	Mon 27 Dec 1909	Sankt-Peterburg, Rossiya	I119651	Nederlandse voorouders
3	Ahlgren, Judith Irene Elsa	Tue 01 Dec 1903	Sankt-Peterburg, Rossiya	I119649	Nederlandse voorouders
4	Ahlgren, Vrjo August	Sat 11 Aug 1900	Sankt-Peterburg, Rossiya	I119648	Nederlandse voorouders
5	Balanchivadze, Georg Melitonovitch	Fri 22 Jan 1904	Sankt-Peterburg, Rossiya	I670956	Nederlandse voorouders
6	de Boer, Hendrik Jans	Sun 23 Oct 1842	Sankt-Peterburg, Rossiya	I235640	Nederlandse voorouders
7	de Bougadoff, Anna	Wed 28 Jun 1843	Sankt-Peterburg, Rossiya	I687286	Nederlandse voorouders
8	Feygin, Sophie	Thu 13 Jan 1820	Sankt-Peterburg, Rossiya	I686444	Nederlandse voorouders
9	Godebska, Maria Zofia Olga Zenajda	Sat 30 Mar 1872	Sankt-Peterburg, Rossiya	I686207	Nederlandse voorouders
10	Jansen, Wicher	Abt 1872	Sankt-Peterburg, Rossiya	I692415	Nederlandse voorouders
11	de Kabath, Maria Ivanowna	Fri 7 Feb 1851	Sankt-Peterburg, Rossiya	I551868	Nederlandse voorouders
12	Karnovitsch, Olga Valeranovna	Sat 02 Dec 1865	Sankt-Peterburg, Rossiya	I670882	Nederlandse voorouders
13	Lopukhova, Lidia Vasilyevna	Fri 21 Oct 1892	Sankt-Peterburg, Rossiya	I687781	Nederlandse voorouders
14	Nederstrom, Alma Irene	Wed 20 Oct 1875	Sankt-Peterburg, Rossiya	I119647	Nederlandse voorouders
15	Oortjes, Derk	Wed 07 Jul 1852	Sankt-Peterburg, Rossiya	I745820	Nederlandse voorouders
16	Romanoff, Tsaar Alexander III	Tue 25 Feb 1845	Sankt-Peterburg, Rossiya	I670921	Nederlandse voorouders
17	Romanoff, Anna Paulowna	1795	Sankt-Peterburg, Rossiya	I84042	Nederlandse voorouders
18	Romanoff, Groot Hertogin Van Rusland, Koningin Van Württembe Ekatarina Pavlowna	1788	Sankt-Peterburg, Rossiya	I84149	Nederlandse voorouders
19	Romanoff, Paul Aleksandrovitsj	Wed 03 Oct 1860	Sankt-Peterburg, Rossiya	I670923	Nederlandse voorouders
20	Romanoff, Paul I Petrovitz Tsaar	1754	Sankt-Peterburg, Rossiya	I84043	Nederlandse voorouders
21	Romanoff, Keizer Van Rusland Peter Ii	1715	Sankt-Peterburg, Rossiya	I84183	Nederlandse voorouders
22	Sanders, George Henry	Tue 03 Jul 1906	Sankt-Peterburg, Rossiya	I671211	Nederlandse voorouders
23	Sijrier, Willem Hendrik Ward	Sat 07 Jul 1894	Sankt-Peterburg, Rossiya	I666707	Nederlandse voorouders
24	Stravinsky, Fyodor	1907	Sankt-Peterburg, Rossiya	I686961	Nederlandse voorouders
25	Stravinsky, Igor Fyodorovich	Sat 17 Jun 1882	Sankt-Peterburg, Rossiya	I686955	Nederlandse voorouders
26	Stravinsky, Ludmilla	1908	Sankt-Peterburg, Rossiya	I686962	Nederlandse voorouders
27	Troubetskoi, Sophie	Fri 25 Mar 1836	Sankt-Peterburg, Rossiya	I669159	Nederlandse voorouders
28	Ward, Catharina	Wed 02 Nov 1864	Sankt-Peterburg, Rossiya	I667074	Nederlandse voorouders
29	van Wijk, Lubgiena	Cal 1853	Sankt-Peterburg, Rossiya	I236239	Nederlandse voorouders
30	Yurievskaya, Catherine Alexandrovna	Mon 09 Sep 1878	Sankt-Peterburg, Rossiya	I737491	Nederlandse voorouders

Christening

Matches 1 to 4 of 4

	Last Name, Given Name(s)	Christening		Person ID	Tree
1	Romanoff, Anna Paulowna	Sun 18 Jan 1795	Sankt-Peterburg, Rossiya	I84042	Nederlandse voorouders
2	Romanoff, Groot Hertogin Van Rusland, Koningin Van Württembe Ekatarina Pavlowna	Wed 21 May 1788	Sankt-Peterburg, Rossiya	I84149	Nederlandse voorouders
3	Romanoff, Paul I Petrovitz Tsaar	Tue 01 Oct 1754	Sankt-Peterburg, Rossiya	I84043	Nederlandse voorouders
4	Romanoff, Keizer Van Rusland Peter Ii	Wed 23 Oct 1715	Sankt-Peterburg, Rossiya	I84183	Nederlandse voorouders

Death

Matches 1 to 25 of 25

	Last Name, Given Name(s)	Death		Person ID	Tree
1	de Boer, Anania Harmannus	Sat 15 Aug 1874	Sankt-Peterburg, Rossiya	I704413	Nederlandse voorouders
2	von Braunschweig Wolfenbüttel, Charlotte	Fri 01 Nov 1715	Sankt-Peterburg, Rossiya	I84180	Nederlandse voorouders
3	Duit, Reinder Hindriks	Sun 13 Jun 1847	Sankt-Peterburg, Rossiya	I681612	Nederlandse voorouders
4	Gillot, Hindericus Adolphus	Sun 24 Dec 1916	Sankt-Peterburg, Rossiya	I278605	Nederlandse voorouders
5	von Hessen Darmstadt, Marie	Tue 08 Jun 1880	Sankt-Peterburg, Rossiya	I670920	Nederlandse voorouders
6	Moquette, Hermine Christine	Tue 16 Jan 1894	Sankt-Peterburg, Rossiya	I278533	Nederlandse voorouders
7	Mulder, Hidde Jakobs	Tue 15 Aug 1871	Sankt-Peterburg, Rossiya	I108906	Nederlandse voorouders
8	Obolensky, Sergei	Mon 26 Jun 1882	Sankt-Peterburg, Rossiya	I737492	Nederlandse voorouders
9	Oldenburger, Beerend	Thu 02 Aug 1849	Sankt-Peterburg, Rossiya	I529102	Nederlandse voorouders
10	Romanoff, Aleksej Tsarevitsj	Sun 26 Jun 1718	Sankt-Peterburg, Rossiya	I84178	Nederlandse voorouders
11	Romanoff, Tsaar Alexander II	Sun 13 Mar 1881	Sankt-Peterburg, Rossiya	I670914	Nederlandse voorouders
12	Romanoff, Keizerin Van Rusland Elisabeth I	Sat 25 Dec 1762	Sankt-Peterburg, Rossiya	I84188	Nederlandse voorouders
13	Romanoff, Tsaar Nicolai I	Sun 18 Feb 1855	Sankt-Peterburg, Rossiya	I669157	Nederlandse voorouders
14	Romanoff, Paul Aleksandrovitsj	Wed 29 Jan 1919	Sankt-Peterburg, Rossiya	I670923	Nederlandse voorouders
15	Romanoff, Paul I Petrovitz Tsaar	Tue 24 Mar 1801	Sankt-Peterburg, Rossiya	I84043	Nederlandse voorouders
16	Romanoff, Tsaar En Keizer Van Rusland Peter	Fri 08 Jun 1725	Sankt-Peterburg, Rossiya	I84154	Nederlandse voorouders
17	Romanoff, Keizer Van Rusland Peter Ii	Mon 30 Jan 1730	Sankt-Peterburg, Rossiya	I84183	Nederlandse voorouders
18	Romanoff, Peter Iii Tsaar Van Rusland	Sun 18 Jul 1762	Sankt-Peterburg, Rossiya	I84150	Nederlandse voorouders
19	Schroeder, Piotr Petrovitch	Sat 10 Jan 1824	Sankt-Peterburg, Rossiya	I66488	Nederlandse voorouders
20	Schuur, Jantina Elisabeth	Jun 1856	Sankt-Peterburg, Rossiya	I243356	Nederlandse voorouders
21	Servais, Zofia	Sat 30 Mar 1872	Sankt-Peterburg, Rossiya	I686209	Nederlandse voorouders
22	Stravinsky, Fyodor Ignatievich	Thu 04 Dec 1902	Sankt-Peterburg, Rossiya	I686956	Nederlandse voorouders
23	Tolstoy, Andrej	Thu 24 Feb 1916	Sankt-Peterburg, Rossiya	I688132	Nederlandse voorouders
24	Wester, Geert Abrahams	Wed 11 Jul 1849	Sankt-Peterburg, Rossiya	I110070	Nederlandse voorouders
25	Yesenin, Sergei Alexandrovich	Sat 26 Dec 1925	Sankt-Peterburg, Rossiya	I688116	Nederlandse voorouders

Burial

Matches 1 to 1 of 1

	Last Name, Given Name(s)	Burial		Person ID	Tree
1	Putin, Spiridon		Sankt-Peterburg, Rossiya	I643897	Nederlandse voorouders

Onderscheiding

Matches 1 to 1 of 1

	Last Name, Given Name(s)	Onderscheiding		Person ID	Tree
1	Boerhave, Johannes	Thu 28 Mar 1895	Sankt-Peterburg, Rossiya	I608873	Nederlandse voorouders

Marriage

Matches 1 to 11 of 11

	Family	Marriage		Family ID	Tree
1	Ahlgren / Nederstrom	Fri 17 Nov 1899	Sankt-Peterburg, Rossiya	F48498	Nederlandse voorouders
2	Flahaut / Troubetskoi	Wed 07 Jan 1857	Sankt-Peterburg, Rossiya	F255142	Nederlandse voorouders
3	Loman / Gillot	Wed 22 May 1889	Sankt-Peterburg, Rossiya	F110274	Nederlandse voorouders
4	Obolensky / Naryshkina	Tue 31 Jan 1888	Sankt-Peterburg, Rossiya	F278035	Nederlandse voorouders
5	Oranje Nassau / Romanoff	Wed 21 Feb 1816	Sankt-Peterburg, Rossiya	F34071	Nederlandse voorouders
6	Romanoff / Hessen Darmstadt	Mon 26 Nov 1894	Sankt-Peterburg, Rossiya	F255750	Nederlandse voorouders
7	Romanoff / Hohenzollern	Sun 13 Jul 1817	Sankt-Peterburg, Rossiya	F255140	Nederlandse voorouders
8	Romanoff / Sleeswijk Holstein	Sun 28 Oct 1866	Sankt-Peterburg, Rossiya	F255749	Nederlandse voorouders
9	Romanoff / Württemberg	Mon 07 Oct 1776	Sankt-Peterburg, Rossiya	F34072	Nederlandse voorouders
10	Servais / Feygin	1842	Sankt-Peterburg, Rossiya	F261350	Nederlandse voorouders
11	Stravinsky / Nosenko	Tue 23 Jan 1906	Sankt-Peterburg, Rossiya	F261627	Nederlandse voorouders