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Edinburgh, Scotland, United Kingdom



 


Tree: Nederlandse voorouders

Notes:
Edinburgh (pronounced /ˈɛdɪnb(ə)rə/; Scottish Gaelic: Dùn Èideann) is the capital of Scotland and its second-largest city. It is situated on the east coast of the central lowlands, on the south shore of the Firth of Forth, on the North sea and, because of its rugged setting and vast collection of Medieval and Georgian Architecture including numerous stone tenements, it is one of the most dramatic cities in Europe. It forms the City of Edinburgh council area; the city council area includes urban Edinburgh and a 30sq mile rural area.



It has been the capital of Scotland since 1437 and is the seat of the Scottish Parliament. The city was one of the major centres of the enlightenment (see also Scottish Enlightenment), led by the University of Edinburgh, gaining the nickname Athens of the North. The Old Town and New Town districts of Edinburgh were listed as a UNESCO World Heritage Site in 1995. There are over 4,500 listed buildings within its limits, including around 22,000 listed properties, the most of any city in Britain. In the census of 2001, Edinburgh had a total resident population of 448,624, making it the 7th largest city in the United Kingdom.



Edinburgh is well-known for the annual Edinburgh Festival, a collection of official and independent festivals held annually over about four weeks from early August. The number of visitors attracted to Edinburgh for the Festival, is roughly equal to the settled population of the city. The most famous of these events are the Edinburgh Fringe (the largest performing arts festival in the world), the Edinburgh International Festival, the Edinburgh Military Tattoo, and the Edinburgh International Film Festival.



Other notable events include the Hogmanay street party (31 December) and the Beltane celebrations (30 April).



The city is one of Europe's major tourist destinations, attracting roughly 13 million visitors a year, and is the second most visited tourist destination in the United Kingdom, after London.



Etymology



The origin of the city's name is understood to come from the Brythonic Din Eidyn (Fort of Eidyn) from the time when it was a Gododdin hillfort. In the 1st century the Romans recorded the Votadini as a Brythonic tribe in the area, and about 600 A.D. the poem Y Gododdin, using the Brythonic form of that name, describes warriors feasting "in Eidin's great hall". After it was besieged by the Bernician Angles, the name changed to Edin-burh, which some have argued derives from the Anglo-Saxon for "Edwin's fort", possibly derived from the 7th century king Edwin of Northumbria. However, since the name apparently predates King Edwin, this is highly unlikely. The burgh element means "fortress" or "group of buildings", i.e. a town or city and is akin to the German burg, Latin parcus, Greek pyrgos etc.



Documents from the 14th century show the name to have settled into its current form;although other spellings ("Edynburgh" and "Edynburghe") appear, these are simply spelling variants of the current name.Other names



The city is affectionately nicknamed Auld Reekie, Scots for Old Smoky. This is because when the only fuels available were coal and wood, all the chimneys would spew lots of smoke into the air. Auld Reekie also referred to the less than sanitary living conditions that would lead to a strong odour covering the city. "Reek" means "smell" in lowland Scots.



Some have called Edinburgh the Athens of the North for a variety of reasons. The earliest comparison between the two cities showed that they had a similar topography, with the Old Town of Edinburgh performing a similar role to the Athenian Acropolis and for its intellectual history.



Edinburgh has also been known as Dunedin, deriving from the Scottish Gaelic, Dùn Èideann. Dunedin, New Zealand, was originally called "New Edinburgh" and is still nicknamed the "Edinburgh of the South". The Scots poets Robert Burns and Robert Fergusson sometimes used the city's Latin name, Edina. Ben Jonson described it as Britain's other eye, and Sir Walter Scott referred to the city as yon Empress of the North



Areas



Areas of the centre



The historic centre of Edinburgh is divided in two by the broad green swath of Princes Street Gardens. To the south the view is dominated by Edinburgh Castle, perched atop the extinct volcanic crag, and the long sweep of the Old Town trailing after it along the ridge. To the north lies Princes Street and the New Town. The gardens were begun in 1816 on bogland which had once been the Nor Loch.



To the immediate west of the castle lies the financial district, housing insurance and banking buildings. Probably the most noticeable building here is the circular sandstone building that is the Edinburgh International Conference Centre.



Old Town



The Old Town has preserved its medieval plan and many Reformation-era buildings. One end is closed by the castle and the main artery, the Royal Mile, leads away from it; minor streets (called closes or wynds) lead downhill on either side of the main spine in a herringbone pattern. Large squares mark the location of markets or surround major public buildings such as St Giles Cathedral and the Law Courts. Other notable places of interest nearby include the Royal Museum of Scotland, Surgeons' Hall, the University of Edinburgh, and numerous underground streets and vaults, relics of previous phases of construction. The street layout, typical of the old quarters of many northern European cities, is made especially picturesque in Edinburgh, where the castle perches on top of a rocky crag, the remnants of an extinct volcano, and the main street runs down the crest of a ridge from it.



Due to the space restrictions imposed by the narrowness of the "tail" the Old Town became home to some of the earliest "high rise" residential buildings. Multi-storey dwellings known as Lands were the norm from the 1500s onwards.



New Town



The New Town was an 18th century solution to the problem of an increasingly crowded Old Town. The city had remained incredibly compact, confined to the ridge running down from the castle. In 1766 a competition to design the New Town was won by James Craig, a 22-year-old architect. The plan that was built created a rigid, ordered grid, which fitted well with enlightenment ideas of rationality. The principal street was to be George Street, which follows the natural ridge to the north of the Old Town. Either side of it are the other main streets of Princes Street and Queen Street. Princes Street has since become the main shopping street in Edinburgh, and few Georgian buildings survive on it. Linking these streets were a series of perpendicular streets. At the east and west ends are St. Andrew's Square and Charlotte Square respectively. The latter was designed by Robert Adam and is often considered one of the finest Georgian squares in the world. Bute House, the official residence of the First Minister of Scotland, is on the north side of Charlotte Square.



Sitting in the glen between the Old and New Towns was the Nor' Loch, which had been both the city's water supply and place for dumping sewage. By the 1820s it was drained. Some plans show that a canal was intended, but the Princes Street Gardens were created instead. Excess soil from the construction of the buildings was dumped into the loch, creating what is now The Mound. In the mid-19th century the National Gallery of Scotland and Royal Scottish Academy Building were built on The Mound, and tunnels to Waverley Station driven through it.



The New Town was so successful that it was extended greatly. The grid pattern was not maintained, but rather a more picturesque layout was created. Today the New Town is considered by many to be one of the finest examples of Georgian architecture and planning in the world.



Southside



A popular residential part of the city is its southside, comprising a number of areas including Saint Leonards, Marchmont, Newington, The Grange, Bruntsfield, Morningside, and Merchiston. "South side" is broadly analogous to the area covered by the Burgh Muir, and grew in popularity as a residential area following the opening of the South Bridge. These areas are particularly popular with families (many well-regarded state and private schools are located here), students (the central University of Edinburgh campus is based around George Square just north of Marchmont and The Meadows, and Napier University has major campuses around Merchiston & Morningside), and with Festival-goers. These areas are also the subject of fictional work: Ian Rankin's Inspector Rebus lives in Marchmont and worked in St Leonards; and Morningside is the home of Muriel Spark's Miss Jean Brodie. Today, the literary connection continues, with the area being home to the authors J. K. Rowling, Ian Rankin, and Alexander McCall Smith.



Leith



Leith is the port of Edinburgh. It still retains a separate identity from Edinburgh, and it was a matter of great resentment when, in 1920, the burgh of Leith was merged into the county of Edinburgh. Even today the parliamentary seat is known as 'Edinburgh North and Leith'. With the redevelopment of Leith, Edinburgh has gained the business of a number of cruise liner companies who now provide cruises to Norway, Sweden, Denmark, Germany and the Netherlands. Leith also boasts the Royal Yacht Britannia, berthed behind the Ocean Terminal shopping centre.



Timeline of Edinburgh history



1-999



Late 1st century: Roman brooch and fine pottery from this period have been found



c638: The Gododdin are defeated and the site is captured by Edwin of Northumbria



731: Edinburgh is possibly the town of Guidi mentioned by Bede



854: The first St Giles kirk is founded



960: Edinburgh temporarily falls into Scottish hands



1000-1099



1020: Malcolm II permanently annexes Edinburgh to Scotland



1074: Refortification of the castle and city begins under Malcolm III



1093: Queen Margaret dies at fort on "hill of Agned", regarded as a royal castle - St Margaret's chapel is built soon afterwards



1100-1199



1114: Infant Scottish heir Malcolm is murdered by a priest



1124 or 1127: First documentary evidence of a "church of the community or burgh of Edin"



c1125: David I founds burgh



1128: David I founds Holyrood Abbey



1162: Edinburgh is the caput of the Lothian sheriffdom



1200-1299



1230: Alexander II founds large Dominican friary; a hospital is also open



1274: Lothian is an archdeaconry of St Andrews



1296: Edinburgh is again held by the English, and strongly fortified



1300-1399



1314: Edinburgh castle captured by Thomas Randolph, 1st Earl of Moray



1326-1331: Edinburgh's contribution to Scottish burgh taxes is 15%, half that of Aberdeen



1328: A treaty is signed guaranteeing Scottish independence



1329: Bruce makes the town a burgh, and establishes a port at Leith



1330: Wall between High Street and Cowgate is first mentioned; castle is demolished by David II



1334: Scotland loses major port of Berwick to the English, Edinburgh's importance increases



1341: Scots regain castle from English



1360: Edinburgh has almost 4,000 houses, and is regarded as the nation's capital; the castle is the usual royal residence, being strengthened in stone



1364: David II grants ground for building of new tron (weigh beam)



1367: David II begins work on major fortifications at castle



1371: David II dies unexpectedly at the castle



1384: Duke of Lancaster extorts ransom following end of truce



1386: Robert II grants ground for building tolbooth



1387: Five new chapels are added to St Giles following English damage in 1385; St Giles is High Kirk



1400-1499



1400: Henry IV attempts to storm castle when Robert III refuses homage



1437: Edinburgh becomes the capital of Scotland



1440: The Earl of Douglas and his brother are murdered at the castle by William Crichton



1440s: Edinburgh has 47% of Scottish wool trade



c1449: Cordiners (shoemakers) is incorporated



1450: There is a defensive wall around the city



1455-1458: Greyfriars (Franciscan) friary is founded



1457: The 508mm siege gun "Mons Meg" is received at castle; there are goldsmiths in the city



1458: Edinburgh has one of three supreme courts in the country



Pre-1460: Trinity is a collegiate church



1467-1469: St Giles' gains collegiate status, a provost and fourteen prebendiaries are established



1474-1475: Skinner and weaver crafts become guilds incorporated by the town council



1477: All fifteen of Edinburgh's markets are arranged along the length of the High Street



1479: A hospital is set up in Leith Wynd



1482: The Earls of Atholl and Buchan agree to free James III



1483: The Hammermen (smiths) are incorporated



1485: There is a notary in the Canongate; stone tenements appear in the city



1490: The Franciscan friary closes



1500-1599



1500: Edinburgh pays 60% of Scotland's customs revenue



1503: James IV marries Margaret Tudor



1505: Royal College of Surgeons founded



1507: James IV grants a patent for the first printing press in Scotland to Walter Chapman and Andrew Myllar



1513: Defeat at Flodden leads to a new southern wall being begun



1520: Archibald Douglas, Earl of Angus, seizes control of the city; Edinburgh is the "seat of courts of justice"



1523: City has fourteen craft guilds



1528: James V enters city with an army, to assert his right to rule; Holyrood Palace is built for him



1530: There are 288 brewers known as alewives in the city, one for every forty people



1532: Holyrood Abbey is transformed into a royal palace; the Court of Session is built



1534: Norman Gourlay and David Stratton are burnt as heretics



1535-1556: Edinburgh contributes over 40% of Scotland's burgh taxation



1537: Jane Douglas is burnt at the stake



1542: Cardinal Beaton is chosen as chief ruler of the city council



1544: Earl of Hertford burns the city; Holyrood Palace and abbey burn



1547: The English destroy Edinburgh again



1558: Riots break out over French prosecution of Protestants; the Flodden Wall is complete; Edinburgh's population is about 12,000; there are 367 merchants, and 400 craftsmen



1559: John Knox is appointed minister of St Giles' church



1560: English and French troops to withdraw under Treaty of Edinburgh; Reformation: 40 altars, aisles, and pillars are dedicated to different saints in St Giles'



1565: Mary Queen of Scots marries Lord Darnley, Henry Stuart



1566: Mary is held captive in Holyrood Palace; David Rizzio is stabbed



1567: Darnley is assassinated at Kirk o'Field House; James Hepburn is cleared of the murder



1569: The city is hit by an outbreak of the plague



1573: A pro-Mary garrison is ousted from the castle by the regent, the Earl of Moray



1574: The castle's Half-Moon Battery is built; there are seven mills in Edinburgh



Late 1570s: Edinburgh now has 4 ministers, previously it had only one



1579: James VI makes his state entry



1580s: There are some 400 merchants in Edinburgh



1581: James Douglas is executed for complicity in the murder of Lord Darnley



1582: The University of Edinburgh is founded and given a royal charter - it is the fourth university in Scotland



1583: There are an estimated 500 merchants and 500 craftsmen in the city, of which 250 are tailors



1586: Skinners and goldsmiths form their own companies (previously part of the Company of Hammermen)



1591: Francis Hepburn, Earl of Bothwell escapes from imprisonment in castle



1592: Earl of Moray murdered by catholic Earl of Huntly; the presbytery takes the first Edinburgh census: there are c8,000 adults, split evenly between north and south of the High Street



1593: Earl of Bothwell take over at Holyrood Palace



1594: Earl of Bothwell fails to seize city



1596: Clergy demand arms to defend king and church against "papists"



1600-1699



1600: There are twelve roads out of Edinburgh



1602: Greyfriars Kirk is begun



1603: The headquarters of the Scottish Post Office is in Edinburgh - there is another post office in the Canongate; William Mayne makes golf clubs for James VI;



1604: The Laird of MacGregor and fourteen others are hanged for the Colquhoun massacre



1610: First factories spring up in Dalry



1610-1621: Andrew Hart is a busy publisher; they publish Napier's book of logs



1613: Lord Maxwell is hanged for the murder of the Laird of Johnstone



1615: The Earl of Orkney is executed after a rebellion to overthrow James VI



1617: Gladstone's Land, 6-storey tenement in Lawnmarket, expanded (built originally in 1550s);



1618: Some seven-storey buildings have been built in the city; its population is c25,000, with about 475 merchants



1619: The privy council orders the city to clean up its streets; a hospital built in 1479 becomes a workhouse



1621: Edinburgh and Leith pay 44% of Scottish non-wine customs duty, and 66% of wine duty



1624: Edinburgh is hit by a plague epidemic



c1625: Tailor's Hall is built in the Cowgate



1628-1693: Heriot's Hospital is built



1632: Work begins on Parliament House to house the Parliament of Scotland



1633: Edinburgh is designated a new bishopric; Charles I of England offends Presbyterians at crowning ceremony at St Giles' Cathedral



1636: The construction of the Tron Church is begun; the city's population is c.30,000



1637: Introduction of new Prayer Book causes riots; a supplication is delivered to remove bishops from the privy council



1639: Decisions of Glasgow assembly are ratified



1640: Parliament House is completed



1641: Sir Robert Sibbald, later the Geographer Royal, is born



1642 or 1645: Mary King's Close is abandoned



1647: A well-known map of the city is drawn by Rothiemay; the Tron Kirk is completed



1649: Covenanters execute royalist Marquis of Huntly; the town Corporation buys the area around West Port



1650: James Graham, 1st Marquess of Montrose, is hanged; the castle surrenders to Oliver Cromwell's men; James Colquhoun builds early fire engines: one for Edinburgh, one for Glasgow



1650s: A new church is built in the Canongate



1652: A 'journey coach' to London is introduced - it takes a fortnight to make the journey



1653: English forces break up the General Assembly



1655: A council of state is set up; ministers yield to the English



1660: A committee of estates resumes government of Scotland



1661: Thomas Sydserf produces the first Scottish newspaper; Archibald Campbell, Earl of Argyll, is executed



1663: The former Covenanter Archibald Johnston is executed



1667: The privy council empowers magnates to police the highlands



1670: Water is piped into the city from Comiston Springs



1670s: Butchering of animals moves from the Grassmarket to Dalkeith



1671: John Law is born - he set up the national bank of France.



1675: Robert Sibbald co-founds physic garden planted at Holyrood



1677: The first coffee house opens in the city



1678: The first stagecoaches run to Glasgow



1681: Robert Sibbald founds Royal College of Physicians, whose patron is the Duke of York; Viscount Stair publishes his Institutions of the Laws of Scotland



1682: Sir George Mackenzie founds Advocates' Library - patron the Duke of York - forerunner to the National Library of Scotland



1688: Royal government collapses as Chancellor Perth flees



1690s: Lawyers have more wealth than all merchants and craftsmen in the burgh combined; over 20% of the population is in manufacturing



1694: There are more professionals than merchants in Edinburgh; 200 legals (advocates to lawyers), 24 surgeons, and 33 physicians; other occupations include aleseller, executioner, royal trumpeter, and keeper of the signet; the ratio of sexes in the city is 70 males:100 females - there are over 5000 domestic servants in Edinburgh



1697: Thomas Aikenhead is executed for blasphemy



1700-1799



1700: A severe fire leads to new buildings, built in stone; the estimated population is 60,000



1702: Advocates' Library moved from Faculty of Advocates to Parliament House



1706: Framework knitters from Haddington are working in Edinburgh



1707: Act of Union



1711: David Hume, philosopher, is born



1713: The main radial roads into Edinburgh are turnpiked



1715: Jacobites fail to take castle



1718: Edinburgh Evening Courant newspaper is launched; damasks are woven at Drumsheugh



1720s: Daniel Defoe praises the Royal Mile, decries Tolbooth or prison, notes sales of woollens, linens, drapery and mercery



1722: The Signet Library is founded



1726: The first circulating library is established; a medical school at the city's college is founded; James Hutton, geologist, is born



1729: The city's first infirmary is opened



1733: Alexander Munro, discoverer of lymphatic and nervous systems, is born



1735: Golf is played on Bruntsfield links; also the traditional date the Royal Burgess Golfing Society is founded



1736: The Royal Infirmary is incorporated; riots shake the city



1737: The Lord Provost is ousted following the riots



1738: Edinburgh is described as the "world's leading medical centre"; John Watson's College is founded



1739: The Scots Magazine is first published in the city



1740: There are four printing firms in Edinburgh; the biographer James Boswell is born



1744: The first premises at Fountainbridge are built, with more than five looms



1745: Charles Edward Stuart enters the city



1746: The British Linen Company is formed



1747: A theatre is established at Playhouse Close in the Canongate



1749: A stagecoach service opens between Edinburgh and Glasgow



1750: A ropery is established in the city



1751: A survey shows a severe state of dilapidation in the Old Town



1752: Proposals are heard for new public buildings and bridges



1753: Stagecoach services are introduced to London (taking two weeks)



1754: The Select Society is founded



1757-1770: Linen weaving works in Canongate



1758: Stagecoach services are introduced to Newcastle (taking one week)



1760: First school for deaf children opens; the main linen stamping office is in the city



1760s: Woollen cloth is beetled in a lapping house in Edinburgh



1761: The Bruntsfield Golfing Society is formed



1763: Construction of the North Bridge, designed by Robert Adam, begins; a four-horse coach runs to Glasgow three times a week



1765: The Glasgow coach now runs daily



1766: The competition to design the New Town is won by James Craig



1767: Construction of the New Town begins



1770: The British Linen Company switches to banking; the Heriot Brewery starts



1770s: There are 27 competing printing firms in the city



1771: Sir Walter Scott is born



1772: Construction of the North Bridge is completed



1773 or 1777: Penny-post service begins



1775: A directory of brothels and prostitutes is published; Edinburgh's estimated population is c57,000



1777: 8 legal and 400 illegal distilleries in the city



1781: The Mound road is opened



1782: The voting system is criticised by Thomas McGrugar in "Letters of Zeno"



1784: Meeting discusses corrupt electoral system



1785-1786: Stone bridge at Stockbridge



1786-1788: The South Bridge is built



1788: William "Deacon" Brodie is executed - leader of a gang of robbers; the first stone of Edinburgh University's Old College is laid



1792: The Friends of the People Society meets for the first time; Charlotte Square designed by Robert Adam



1793: Thomas Muir of Huntershill, a radical reformer, is arrested and sentenced



1794: Robert Watt, a former spy, is sentenced to death for "Pike Plot"



1799: City has access to 3 million litres of water a day



1800-1899



1800: Charlotte Square is completed; Stein's large Canongate brewery is built



c1800: National Museum of Antiquities is established



1802: The Edinburgh Review is published, offering literary criticism



1802-1806: The Bank of Scotland head office is built



1803: Dorothy Wordsworth stays in the "White Hart" inn in the Grassmarket



1814: A protest meeting against West Indian slavery is held; two coaches a day run to Stirling



1816-1819: Regent Bridge is built



1817: Coal gas supplies are available in the city; coal fires lose popularity; the old tolbooth in Waterloo Place is demolished



1818: The Union Canal is begun; Calton Hill observatory is founded by the Edinburgh Astronomical Association



1819: Five coaches a day run between Edinburgh and Glasgow



1820: There are protests at George IV's treatment of Queen Caroline



1822: George IV visits Edinburgh and wears the kilt; the first Highland and Agricultural Show takes place



1823: The Bannatyne Club is founded



1824: A large fire destroys many buildings



1825: Eight Royal Mail coaches and over fifty stage coaches leave Edinburgh each day



1826: The Royal Scottish Academy is founded



1828: Burke of Burke and Hare is tried for murder



1829: Burke is hanged



1831: The Edinburgh and Dalkeith Railway opens (known as The Innocent Railway), as railways start to come to the city



1832: A cholera outbreak occurs in the city; The Scotsman newspaper incorporates the Caledonian Mercury



1833: The city goes bankrupt; partly due to the development of Leith docks



1835: Edinburgh's New Town is completed, and the Old Town becomes a slum



1836: The Royal Institution opens, designed by William Playfair



1840: Barnard's Canongate brewery is expanded



1841-1851: Donaldson's hospital for the deaf is built



1842: Edinburgh-Glasgow railway line is open to the public



1843: Disruption of the Church of Scotland



1844-1846: The Scott Monument is built



1846: The North British Railway company is established



1847: Alexander Graham Bell is born in the city; half Edinburgh's population attend the funeral of Thomas Chalmers



1850: The foundation stone of the Scottish National Gallery is laid; the Holyrood brewery is enlarged for the third time



1851: The British Linen Bank head office opens on St Andrews Square



1853: The Edinburgh Trades Council is established



1856: The burgh of Canongate becomes part of Edinburgh



1859: The National Gallery opens



1860: Bank of Scotland has 43 branches



1861: Industrial museum built beside university (now the Royal Museum)



1864-1870: Bank of Scotland head office re-designed and extended



1865: Report on city’s sanitation paints picture of degradation



1867: Scottish Women’s Suffrage Society holds meetings for first time



1869: Sophia Jex-Blake becomes first female medical student



1870: Fettes College opens



1870-1879: New buildings for the Royal Infirmary



1872: Watt Institution and School of Arts begins to be built



1875: Royal Theatre destroyed by fire; Institute of Bankers founded



1881: Dean Distillery opens, converted from Dean Mills



1882: City brought to standstill by severe winter weather



1883: Chair of Celtic established at the university



1885: Watt Institution and School of Arts merges with George Heriot’s to become Heriot-Watt College



1889: City hit by earthquake; Charles Parnell granted freedom of the city



1890: Free public library opens to public



1892: Drybroughs’ brewery moves to Craigmillar; McVities’ devise ‘digestive biscuits’



1896-1900: Abbey brewery built by Robert Younger



1900-1999



1900: Stockbridge gains a library and hall; character actor Alistair Sim is born



1901: University appoints its first Professor of Scottish history; the Royal High School has 350 pupils



1902: Waverley Station is complete, covering 70,000 square metres; the North British Hotel is also built



1905: Moray House in Canongate becomes a teacher training centre



1905-1906: King’s Theatre is built at Tollcross



1907: Work begins on constructing the Edinburgh College of Art



1910: First electric trams run; Bank of Scotland has 169 branches



1911: Palladium Cinema opens



1911-1914: Usher Hall is built



1912: La Scala Cinema opens



1916: Bank of Scotland has first female employee



1916-1918: Tanks are built by Brown Brothers in the city



1921: Garrick Theatre burns down



1925: The National Library of Scotland is formed from the former Advocates’ Library



1928: The Flying Scotsman provides a fast rail link to London; the city’s first traffic lights are at Broughton Street



1932: George Watson’s College moves to Morningside



1932-1935: Edinburgh has headquarters for BBC Scotland



1936:17% of Edinburgh’s houses are overcrowded



1939: The Bank of Scotland has 266 branches; the headquarters of Edinburgh Savings Bank is built



1943: The North Scotland Hydro-Electric Board is created, with its headquarters in Edinburgh



1946: A telephone upgrade takes place, allowing all-city dialling



1946-1947: Electric trams in the city carry 16 million passengers a month



1947: The Edinburgh International Festival is launched; restoration of Canongate



1949: The Abercrombie Plan introduces ring roads and a bypass



1950: Tram system begins to be run down



1951: 2 central (manual) phone exchanges handle over 9,500 lines



1952: Bank of Scotland takes over Union Bank of Scotland, giving 453 combined branches



1956: Whole tram system closes



1958: Queen receives last debutantes



1959: Old Town population declines to 2,000



1960: Infirmary Street baths are damaged by fire



1963: ‘’Evening Despatch’’ and ‘’Edinburgh Evening News’’ merge; Empire Theatre becomes bingo hall



1966: Heriot-Watt gains university status



1968: Palladium Theatre fails, and becomes a disco



1968-1969: Royal Bank of Scotland takes over National Commercial Bank of Scotland



1969: Bank of Scotland absorbs British Linen Bank; Tollcross Bus Depot closes



1970: The Commonwealth Games are held in the city; the St James’ Centre, including a new St Andrews House, is completed



1971: Tom Farmer starts Kwik-Fit



1972: A youth hostel opens at Eglington Crescent; Bell’s Mills are destroyed by an explosion



1974: David Murray, later connected with Glasgow Rangers, starts Murray International Metals



1976: A new Fountain Brewery is built by Scottish & Newcastle



1980: Debenhams open a Princes St store



1980s: Restoration of houses in the Old Town leads to a population increase in the area



1981: Royal Insurance Group headquarters moves to Glasgow



1985: The population of the city is 440,000; Edinburgh University institutes a Chair of Parapsychology



1989: The National Gallery of Scotland is renovated



1990: Edinburgh Castle is first, and Holyrood Palace eighth, in ranking of paid Scottish tourist attractions



1996: Infirmary St baths close



1998: The Museum of Scotland is built



1999: The Scottish Parliament is opened by the Queen

City/Town : Latitude: 55.949556, Longitude: -3.160288


Birth

Matches 1 to 8 of 8

   Last Name, Given Name(s)    Birth    Person ID   Tree 
1 Couper, John  Abt 1555Edinburgh, Scotland, United Kingdom I187527 Nederlandse voorouders 
2 Darwin, George Pember  Thu 12 Jan 1928Edinburgh, Scotland, United Kingdom I687767 Nederlandse voorouders 
3 van Engeland en Schotland, James  1566Edinburgh, Scotland, United Kingdom I94925 Nederlandse voorouders 
4 Falconer, Lord David  Tue 27 May 1681Edinburgh, Scotland, United Kingdom I354534 Nederlandse voorouders 
5 Fenlison, Andries  Abt 1733Edinburgh, Scotland, United Kingdom I601948 Nederlandse voorouders 
6 Fenlison, Jan  Abt 1690Edinburgh, Scotland, United Kingdom I601956 Nederlandse voorouders 
7 McHutchen, Violet Mariom  Yes, date unknownEdinburgh, Scotland, United Kingdom I676710 Nederlandse voorouders 
8 Stuart, James I King Of England  1566Edinburgh, Scotland, United Kingdom I83997 Nederlandse voorouders 

Christening

Matches 1 to 2 of 2

   Last Name, Given Name(s)    Christening    Person ID   Tree 
1 van Engeland en Schotland, James  Sun 19 Jun 1566Edinburgh, Scotland, United Kingdom I94925 Nederlandse voorouders 
2 Stuart, James I King Of England  Sun 19 Jun 1566Edinburgh, Scotland, United Kingdom I83997 Nederlandse voorouders 

Death

Matches 1 to 5 of 5

   Last Name, Given Name(s)    Death    Person ID   Tree 
1 Daniels, Petronella Johanna Antonia Maria  Mon 06 Aug 1962Edinburgh, Scotland, United Kingdom I185608 Nederlandse voorouders 
2 van Egmond, Maria  Mon 16 Nov 1463Edinburgh, Scotland, United Kingdom I96725 Nederlandse voorouders 
3 FitzClarence, Elizabeth  Wed 16 Jan 1856Edinburgh, Scotland, United Kingdom I768599 Nederlandse voorouders 
4 Keith, Katharine Margaret  Mon 01 Mar 1762Edinburgh, Scotland, United Kingdom I354535 Nederlandse voorouders 
5 van Schotland, Prinses Margaret  Thu 16 Nov 1093Edinburgh, Scotland, United Kingdom I31286 Nederlandse voorouders 

Burial

Matches 1 to 1 of 1

   Last Name, Given Name(s)    Burial    Person ID   Tree 
1 van Egmond, Maria  Edinburgh, Scotland, United Kingdom I96725 Nederlandse voorouders 

Marriage

Matches 1 to 1 of 1

   Family    Marriage    Family ID   Tree 
1 Lennep / Apol  Mon 28 Oct 1912Edinburgh, Scotland, United Kingdom F27363 Nederlandse voorouders 

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